Wednesday, September 27, 2017

German Saints Stolen by the Slovenes

German saints (from left to right):
Albuin von Brixen, Hildegard von Stein & Hemma von Gurk 

So many famous Italians from Istria and Dalmatia have been stolen by the ex-Yugoslavs in recent years: their names have been slavicized, and their Italian origin hidden and erased by the Croats and Slovenes who have occupied these lands since the end of World War II. Even indisputably Italian figures such as Marco Polo have officially been proclaimed “Slavs” by the Republic of Croatia, in what can only be described as a monumental fraud.

But Italians aren't the only victims of stolen heritage; many men and women of German origin have also been hijacked by Slovene revisionists in recent decades. The list of prominent Germans stolen by Slovene revisionists includes painters, architects, nobles, ecclesiastics and others. In this article we will limit ourselves only to German saints whose identities have been stolen.

St. Albuin von Brixen

Albuin was born in the 10th century in Carinthia (modern Austria), the son of Margrave Albrecht of Carinthia and his wife Hildegard von Stein. His parents both belonged to the Aribonids, an aristocratic family of Bavarian origin.

Albuin was Bishop of Sabiona-Brixen from 975-1006. He was a loyal servant of Emperor Otto II and Emperor Henry II, and accompanied the latter into Italy in his war against the independent Italian King Arduin of Ivrea. In 1004 he was entrusted with ruling over Veldes (today Bled, Slovenia), although there is no evidence he ever visited the town. He died in Brixen (today Bressanone, Italy) in 1006. After his death he was regarded as a saint and today his primary cult is found in Alto Adige, Italy, especially in the city of Bressanone where he is one of the three patron saints.

How is it that Albuin, who was of German background, who spent most of his life in Italy (at that time part of the Holy Roman Empire), in a region populated by Italians and Germans, and never lived a day in the territory of modern Slovenia, is today considered a “Slovene saint” by modern Slovenes? It is because the Slovenes falsely claim that his mother Hildegard was a Slovene (see below).

St. Hildegard von Stein

Hildegard von Stein was born c. 910 in the Duchy of Bavaria. Her father Aribo von Leoben belonged to the Aribonids, an aristocratic family of Bavarian origin. Her mother was one of the daughters of Chadaloh II, Count of Aargau and Augstgau, who was a member of the German Ahalolfing dynasty.

Her son Albuin was Bishop of Sabiona-Brixen. Hildegard lived in Burg Prosnitza (near Skarbin, Austria) with her husband. She died in the town of Stein im Jauntal (modern Austria) in c. 985.

For many centuries the Slovenes who lived in the nearby villages have venerated Hildegard as a saint, as have the Germans. However, today the Slovenes inexplicably claim that Hildegard is a “Slovene saint” and call her by the name Liharda Kamenska. In the 19th century, the Slovene nationalist bishop Anton Martin Slomšek declared Hildegard the “Mother of the Slovenes”. In this way, a once-pious religious devotion has been perversely transformed into a national theft.

St. Hemma von Gurk

Hemma von Gurk was born c. 995 in Peilenstein, Carinthia (today Pilstanj, Slovenia). She was the daughter of noble German parents: Engelbert and Tuta. Her parents were related to the Bavarian Luitpolding dynasty and were relatives of Emperor Henry II. Her ancestors also included King Zwentibold of Lotharingia, the illegitimate son of Arnulf of Carinthia, who was a member of the Carolingian dynasty.

Hemma inherited wealth through the death of her husband Wilhelm von der Sann, Count of Friesach, who was born into the German Carinthian nobility. Hemma used her wealth to help the poor. She also founded ten churches throughout Carinthia, the most important of which was Gurk Abbey (located in modern Austria). She died in Gurk Abbey on June 27, 1045. She was already venerated as a saint when she was alive. Today she is the patron saint of Carinthia, Austria.

Merely because Hemma von Gurk was born in the territory of what is now Slovenia, the Slovenes today claim that she was a “Slovene saint” and pretend that her parents were “Slovenian nobles”. The Slovene Wikipedia website even categorizes her exclusively as a “Slovene saint” without so much as listing any German category.

See also: Why do Some Countries Steal History and Heritage from Other Nations?

Sunday, September 24, 2017

Luxardo Maraschino vs. Croatian Maraska

Luxardo Maraschino — vs — Maraska Maraschino

Luxardo is an Italian brand of liqueur most famous for producing Maraschino liqueur. Since 1946 its primary competitor has been Maraska, a Croatian company founded in the former Yugoslavia, and today operating in Croatia. The choice between Luxardo and Maraska is a favourite topic of debate among many liqueur connoisseurs, but for the Luxardo family – the world's leading and oldest producer of Maraschino liqueur – the battle goes far beyond taste.

For Luxardo, the long-standing rivalry with Maraska is not about the taste of liqueur, nor market shares, but about the survival of a family tradition; the painful memories of an entire community wiped out by war and ethnic hatred; a centuries-old cultural heritage stolen and usurped by another people; and an untold story of theft, fraud, torture and murder under the tyranny of Communism: this is the hidden history of the Maraska company and its persecution of the Luxardo family.

The Origins of Maraschino

Maraschino was first invented in Zara, Dalmatia in 1730 by the Italian pharmacist Barolomeo Ferrari and an Italian cafe owner from Dalmatia named Giuseppe Carceniga (Calceniga). Their technique was later developed and perfected by the Istrian-Venetian merchant Francesco Drioli, who was the first to bottle and produce Maraschino on an industrial scale. He founded the Drioli Maraschino company in Zara in 1759, thereby establishing the modern Maraschino industry.

The History of the Luxardo Company

The Luxardo Distillery, built in 1913
Before its destruction in World War II
The Luxardo company was founded in Zara in 1821 by Girolamo Luxardo. At this time Zara was still a city of Italian language, culture and ethnicity, and had recently passed from the Republic of Venice to the Austrian Empire.

Luxardo would go on to become one of the most popular and prestigious brands of Maraschino liqueur in the world. The prestige and acclaim of Luxardo can be measured by the fact that Luxardo Maraschino was served aboard the RMS Titanic during its fateful voyage in 1912.

In 1918, following World War I, the city of Zara was reunited with the Kingdom of Italy. By the 1930's Luxardo became the most important distillery in Italy.

The Destruction of Zara and the Murder of the Luxardo Family

During the course of World War II, Allied bombing destroyed approximately 80% of Zara's buildings. After indiscriminate and repeated Anglo-American bombings in 1943-1944, the Luxardo distillery was almost completely destroyed, as was nearly the entire city of Zara.

The war was very tragic and devastating for the Luxardo family: they lost their distillery, their home and several members of their family. They were but one of hundreds of ethnic Italian families – totaling many thousands of civilians – who were forcibly exiled from Dalmatia as a result of the war. In the end, nearly the entire Italian population of Zara was wiped out through Allied bombings, executions, deportation to concentration camps or exile. While most of the Luxardo family fled to mainland Italy between 1943-1944, some members of the family chose to remain in Zara.

Pietro Luxardo and Nicolò Luxardo II
Murdered by the Yugoslavs in 1944
Upon the arrival of Tito's Yugoslav Communist partisans in 1944, atrocities were committed against the remaining Italian population and the Luxardo family was partly exterminated. Nicolò Luxardo II and his wife Bianca Ronzoni were arrested and brutally tortured before being killed by Yugoslav partisans on September 30, 1944. Nicolò II was drowned in the Adriatic Sea, while Bianca was forced to watch. She was shot to death immediately afterward. Pietro Luxardo, who likewise had refused to leave Zara, was imprisoned by the Yugoslavs on October 30, 1944 and murdered on November 12, 1944. His remains were never found.

Giorgio Luxardo was the sole survivor of the fourth generation. Giorgio fled first to Friuli and then to the Veneto region of northeastern Italy and reconnected with a colleague who had saved the Luxardo recipe book. Perhaps even more fortunately, just prior to the war Prof. Alessandro Morettini of the University of Florence had carried maraschino cherry specimens from Dalmatia to Tuscany, where he founded a cherry tree nursery on university premises. Prof. Morettini graciously delivered these cherry saplings to Giorgio Luxardo after the war.

The Usurpation of Maraschino by Yugoslavia: The Foundation of Maraska

In 1944, before the close of World War II, the Yugoslavs illegally seized all of Luxardo's assets and nationalized them. Assets which were confiscated from all the historic liqueur factories of Zara (Luxardo, Drioli and Romano Vlahov), including all usable equipment and machinery, were unified into a single enterprise in 1946 by the new Yugoslav Communist occupational government.

Although Zara was still formally under Italian sovereignty until 1947, the Yugoslavs were already sequestering private property and goods. The old Luxardo distillery, reduced to almost total ruin by Allied bombs, was rebuilt in the same location and designed to look identical to the original building. By 1946 the Yugoslavs were producing and selling their own version of Maraschino liqueur.

The Luxardo family had suffered aerial bombardments, the loss of their home and business, the confiscation of their assets, and the death of multiple family members. Now, adding insult to injury, the Yugoslavs pretended to imitate Luxardo's Maraschino recipe and fraudulently re-bottled it under the same name, using the old bottles and original labels found in the ruins of Luxardo's warehouses.

Maraschino was a trademark owned by the Luxardo family, and they were determined to take legal action against this Yugoslav impersonation. In the end the Luxardo family was victorious, winning every court case in Italy, Switzerland, Germany and the United States. After numerous legal battles, in 1949 the Yugoslav company was forced to change its name from Maraschino to Maraska, a Croatian moniker based on the original Italian name. Lawsuits against Maraska continued until the 1960's, and all decisions were won by Luxardo.

The Usurpation of Maraschino by Croatia: Maraska's Fraud and Dishonesty

The Maraska company, founded by the Communist regime in 1946, still operates today in modern Croatia. However, the company has never acknowledged its controversial origins, nor its Communist past, and has never offered any compensation to Luxardo.

Maraska falsely labels its
product as the “Original”
Today Maraska continues to appropriate the legacy of Maraschino by upholding themselves as the heirs of Italo-Dalmatian tradition and continues to falsely label their products with the name “Original Maraschino”. Despite having no legitimate connection to Zara's original Italian liqueur companies – other than confiscating its properties and imitating its products – the Croatian company insists on tracing its own history through Luxardo, Drioli, Vlahov and the Italian Dalmatian community, without acknowledging the seizure of assets, the trademark infringements, the false advertising, the marketing schemes, the ethnic cleansing of Italians and the massacre of the Luxardo family.

Maraska's official website merely states that several factories were destroyed and rebuilt after the war, and that the three main Maraschino liqueur distilleries were merged and reconstituted as the Maraska company in 1946. But this short and misleading version of events completely glosses over the traumatic events and criminal history upon which the Maraska company was built.

Maraska's official website also falsely asserts that the maraschino cherry tree grows only in the area around Zara, in Dalmatia, thereby implying that they are the only ones capable of producing authentic Maraschino liqueur. In fact the same maraschino cherries are grown by the Luxardo family in the Euganean Hills in Italy, derived from the same cherry trees grown around Zara, thanks to the saplings that were saved by Prof. Morettini and brought to Italy prior to the Yugoslav occupation.

On several occasions – during the period of the Yugoslav regime and after Croatian independence – the Luxardo family requested the return of personal assets, including art collections and family real estate, among them the old distillery building and former Luxardo home in Zara, but all requests have been rejected or ignored.

The landmark Luxardo distillery – ruined and seized by the Yugoslav Communists, and subsequently transformed into the Maraska factory after the war – was recently purchased by a private Turkish bank, the Dogus Group, and will soon become a Hyatt Regency hotel. The Maraska company sold the property and moved to a different location in 2006. Compensation has still never been offered to Luxardo by Maraska, nor by the Dogus Group.

Luxardo Today

Luxardo continues to produce Maraschino according to Maria Canevari's original recipe, as it was written down in 1821. The current distillery is located in the small town of Torreglia in the Euganean Hills, near Padua, in the region of Veneto, Italy, where the Luxardo family exclusively cultivates over 30,000 maraschino cherry trees – derived from the original maraschino cherry trees of Dalmatia – in what is today the largest cherry tree orchard in the world.

To date Luxardo's internationally renown Maraschino has won more than 56 gold medals in liqueur contests around the world. In 2011 alone, seven of Luxardo's liqueurs were awarded twelve bronze, silver and gold medals in international competitions. Luxardo products are currently exported to every continent and to more than 78 countries around the world.

See also:
The History of the Luxardo Company
The History of Maraschino
The Luxardo Distillery: How the Croats Attempted to Usurp the Brand

Tuesday, September 19, 2017

The History of the Luxardo Company

Founded by the Luxardo Family in Zara, 1821

Luxardo (officially Girolamo Luxardo S.p.A.) is an Italian brand of liqueur most famous for producing Maraschino, a liqueur made from the distillation of fermented maraschino cherries. Luxardo is one of the oldest liqueur producers in Europe and still remains a small family-owned business, owned and operated by the Luxardo family for nearly 200 years.

The First Generation

The Luxardo company was founded in Zara, a port city of Dalmatia, in 1821 by Girolamo Luxardo. At this time Zara was a city of Italian language, culture and ethnic population, and had recently passed from the sovereignty of the Republic of Venice to the Austrian Empire.

Girolamo Luxardo was an entrepreneur and diplomat, born in Santa Margherita Ligure, located near Genoa, on September 29, 1784. Serving as a consular representative of the King of Sardinia to Dalmatia, he moved to Zara with his family in 1817.

Girolamo Luxardo
His wife Marchesa Maria Canevari was interested in perfecting a recipe for Maraschino, a unique type of cherry liqueur produced in Venetian Dalmatia since 1730 by Barolomeo Ferrari and Giuseppe Carceniga. Some allege it was produced as early as the 16th century by Catholic monks at the Dominican monastery of Zara, but this remains unproven. Maria personally produced her own Maraschino at home and it immediately attracted the attention of family, friends and connoisseurs.

In 1821 Luxardo founded a distillery in Zara to produce Maraschino liqueur. After eight years of research to perfect the product, in 1829 he obtained a special privilege from the Emperor of Austria, the “Privilegiata Fabbrica Maraschino Excelsior”. This was a valuable and cherished recognition of the superior quality of Luxardo liqueur, and moreover it granted the Luxardo company exclusive rights to produce Maraschino for the next fifteen years.

Luxardo would go on to become one of the most popular and prestigious brands of Maraschino liqueur, even rivaling the much older company of Drioli, founded in 1759 by the Istrian-Venetian merchant Francesco Drioli, who was the first to bottle and produce Maraschino on an industrial scale, thereby establishing the modern Maraschino industry of Zara. Already in 1864 Luxardo Maraschino was being exported and sold in the United States, and soon Luxardo would surpass Drioli in fame and popularity.

The Second Generation

Girolamo Luxardo died on September 8, 1865 at age 81, and his son Nicolò Luxardo I (1815-1882) took over the business. Taking the reins from his father Girolamo, Nicolò I played a vital role in the company by establishing relationships with prestigious markets all around the world. Luxardo's first advertisement posters were printed in 1874 and distributed throughout Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This was not only a first for Luxardo, but also the first recorded advertising campaign for a liqueur in history.

The Third Generation
Luxardo Family Gathering, 1875
Demetrio I (first from left); Michelangelo
(second from left); Nicolò I (third from left)

Luxardo was inherited by Demetrio Luxardo I (1852-1906) and Michelangelo Luxardo (1857-1934). Demetrio I was the first master distiller. He invented new products and refined Luxardo's Maraschino recipe. Thanks to the third Luxardo generation, a new prosperous era began for the company.

Luxardo Maraschino won a gold medal at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, the first ever bestowed upon a European company. The prestige and acclaim of Luxardo during this time period can be measured by the fact that Luxardo Maraschino was served aboard the RMS Titanic during its fateful voyage in 1912.

In 1913, Michelangelo built the most modern and largest distillery in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, called Casa Luxardo. This building was an imposing structure on the harbour edge, which housed not only the new distillery, but also the offices and the private apartments of the Luxardo family. The building survived World War I, but was ultimately destroyed in World War II.

Some setbacks occurred for Luxardo during World War I. The loss of the Russian market, caused by the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, led to a sharp decline in sales. In addition, the requisition of machinery and metal materials by the Austrian government in 1916-1918 significantly impoverished the Luxardo factory of its vital equipment.

The Patriotism of the Luxardo Family

The Luxardo's were known to be Italian patriots. Their signature design was inspired by the Italian tricolour: a green bottle with a red cap and a white label written in Italian. All of Michelangelo's sons were sent to study at universities in Italy. Nicolò Luxardo II (1886-1944), Michelangelo's eldest son and future heir, risked being executed for treason by joining the Italian Army in World War I, where he earned two Silver Medals of Military Valour as a cavalry officer. In this period, the Luxardo family proudly supported the unification of Dalmatia with the Kingdom of Italy.

Luxardo Poster, 1939
Sangue Morlacco (‘Morlach Blood’) became Luxardo's second specialty after Maraschino. Originally called Cherry Brandy, it was renamed by the Italian warrior-poet Gabriele D'Annunzio in 1919, during the Fiume Expedition, when a group of Italian legionaries occupied the city of Fiume and established the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro. One of these legionaries was Pietro Luxardo (1892-1944), Michelangelo's second son.

The Morlachs were a Latin people of the Dalmatian hinterland who defended the borders of the Republic of Venice against the Turks in the 17th and 18th centuries. Due to the liqueur's dark red colour, resembling the blood shed by the Morlachs under the banner of Venice, D'Annunzio nicknamed it Sangue Morlacco. The name was officially adopted by Luxardo and has continued to be used ever since.

The Fourth Generation

In 1922 the company was taken over by the fourth generation, Michelangelo's four sons: Nicolò II, Demetrio II, Pietro and Giorgio. Under the guidance of the fourth generation, Luxardo's position significantly improved. In 1940 Demetrio II died, leaving his three brothers as the heirs.

The city of Zara had been reunited with the Kingdom of Italy since 1918, and Luxardo once again began to flourish. By the 1930's Luxardo became the largest and most important distillery in Italy. In 1936 Luxardo was responsible for 66% of Zara's liqueur exports. The company reached its peak in this period, with more than 250 employees and an industrial area covering 12,000 square meters.

Casa Luxardo — The Luxardo Distillery, built in 1913
Before its tragic destruction in World War II
However, the beginning of World War II severely hampered industrial activity. During the course of the war, Allied bombing destroyed about 80% of Zara's buildings. After indiscriminate and repeated Anglo-American bombings in 1943-1944, the Luxardo distillery was almost completely destroyed, as was nearly the entire city of Zara. A four-day fire burned several buildings and resulted in the loss of many materials, including 230,000 kg of sugar, 48,000 liters of alcohol and over one million bottles.

The war was very tragic and devastating for the Luxardo family: they lost their distillery, their home and several members of their family. They were but one of hundreds of ethnic Italian families – totaling many thousands of civilians – who were forcibly exiled from Dalmatia as a result of the war. In the end, nearly the entire Italian population of Zara was wiped out through Allied bombings, executions, deportation to concentration camps or exile. While most of the Luxardo family fled to mainland Italy between 1943-1944, some members of the family chose to remain in Zara.

Upon the arrival of Tito's Yugoslav Communist partisans in 1944, atrocities were committed against the remaining Italian population and the Luxardo family was partly exterminated. Nicolò Luxardo II and his wife Bianca Ronzoni were arrested and brutally tortured before being killed by Yugoslav partisans on September 30, 1944. Nicolò II was drowned in the Adriatic Sea, while Bianca was forced to watch. She was shot to death immediately afterward. Pietro Luxardo, who likewise had refused to leave Zara, was imprisoned by the Yugoslavs on October 30, 1944 and murdered on November 12, 1944. His remains were never found.

Pietro Luxardo and Nicolò Luxardo II
Murdered by the Yugoslavs in 1944
Giorgio Luxardo was the sole survivor of the fourth generation. Giorgio fled first to Friuli and then to the Veneto region of northeastern Italy and reconnected with a colleague who had saved the Luxardo recipe book. Perhaps even more fortunately, just prior to the war Prof. Alessandro Morettini of the University of Florence had carried maraschino cherry specimens from Dalmatia to Tuscany, where he founded a cherry tree nursery on university premises. Prof. Morettini graciously delivered these cherry saplings to Giorgio Luxardo after the war.

Armed with the surviving tools and a desire to reestablish his family's legacy, Giorgio chose the small town of Torreglia to rebuild the distillery in 1946. At this new home, Luxardo restored its extensive product line of Italian liqueurs and continued to export the products to markets around the world.

The Usurpation of Maraschino by Yugoslavia

In 1944, before the end of World War II, the Yugoslavs illegally seized all of Luxardo's assets and nationalized them. Assets which were confiscated from all the historic liqueur factories of Zara (Luxardo, Drioli and Romano Vlahov), including all usable equipment and machinery, were unified into a single enterprise in 1946 by the new Yugoslav Communist occupational government.

Although Zara was still formally under Italian sovereignty until 1947, the Yugoslavs were already sequestering private property and goods. The old Luxardo distillery, reduced to almost total ruin by Allied bombs, was rebuilt in the same location and designed to look identical to the original building. By 1946 the Yugoslavs were producing and selling their own version of Maraschino, attempting to pass it off as the same one made by Luxardo.
The city of Zara, 1943-1944
Destroyed by Allied Bombings

The Luxardo family had suffered aerial bombardments, the loss of their home and business, the confiscation of their assets, and the death of multiple family members. Now, adding insult to injury, the Yugoslavs pretended to imitate Luxardo's Maraschino recipe and fraudulently re-bottled it under the same name, using the old bottles and original labels found in the ruins of Luxardo's warehouses.

Maraschino was a trademark owned by the Luxardo family, and they were determined to take legal action against this Yugoslav impersonation. After numerous legal battles, the Yugoslav company in 1949 was forced to change its name from Maraschino to Maraska, a Croatian moniker based on the original Italian name. Other lawsuits against Maraska continued until the 1960's. In the end the Luxardo family was victorious, winning every court case in Italy, Switzerland, Germany and the United States; in each proceeding all decisions were won by Luxardo.

The Usurpation of Maraschino by Croatia

The Maraska company, founded by the Communist regime in 1946, still operates today in modern Croatia. However, the company has never acknowledged its controversial origins, nor its Communist past, and has never offered any compensation to Luxardo.

Today Maraska continues to appropriate the legacy of Maraschino by upholding themselves as the heirs of Italo-Dalmatian tradition and continues to falsely label their products with the name “Original Maraschino”. Despite having no legitimate connection to Zara's original Italian liqueur companies – other than confiscating its properties and imitating its products – the Croatian company insists on tracing its own history through Luxardo, Drioli, Vlahov and the Italian Dalmatian community, without acknowledging the seizure of assets, the trademark infringements, the false advertising, the marketing schemes, the ethnic cleansing of Italians and the massacre of the Luxardo family.

Maraska's official website merely states that several factories were destroyed and rebuilt after the war, and that the three main Maraschino liqueur distilleries were merged and reconstituted as the Maraska company in 1946. But this short and misleading version of events completely glosses over the traumatic events and criminal history upon which the Maraska company was built.

The Former Luxardo Distillery in Zara, Dalmatia
Illegally occupied by the Maraska Company from 1946-2006

Maraska's official website also falsely asserts that the maraschino cherry tree grows only in the area around Zara, in Dalmatia, thereby implying that they are the only ones capable of producing authentic Maraschino liqueur. In fact the same maraschino cherries are grown by the Luxardo family in the Euganean Hills in Italy, derived from the same cherry trees grown around Zara, thanks to the saplings that were saved by Prof. Morettini and brought to Italy prior to the Yugoslav occupation.

On several occasions – during the period of the Yugoslav regime and after Croatian independence – the Luxardo family requested the return of personal assets, including art collections and family real estate, among them the old distillery building and former Luxardo home in Zara, but all requests have been rejected or ignored.

The landmark Luxardo distillery – ruined, seized and restored after the war by the Yugoslavs, and subsequently transformed into the Maraska factory – was recently purchased by a private Turkish bank, the Dogus Group, and will soon become a Hyatt Regency hotel. The Maraska company sold the property and moved to a different location in 2006. Compensation has still never been offered to Luxardo by Maraska, nor by the Dogus Group.

Today

Luxardo continues to produce Maraschino according to Maria Canevari's original recipe, as it was written down in 1821. The current distillery is located in the small town of Torreglia in the Euganean Hills, near Padua, in the region of Veneto, Italy, where the Luxardo family exclusively cultivates over 30,000 maraschino cherry trees – derived from the original maraschino cherry trees of Dalmatia – in what is today the largest cherry tree orchard in the world.

The Current Luxardo Distillery, built in 1946
In the small town of Torreglia, Italy

Until recently, Luxardo was operated by Franco Luxardo of the family's fifth generation, along with members of the sixth generation. Today, the company is headed by the sixth generation: Piero Luxardo Franchi, Guido Luxardo, Giorgio Luxardo II, Matteo Luxardo and Filippo Luxardo. The seventh generation is also just now starting and is represented by Nicolò Luxardo IV and Gaia Luxardo, the first female family member to join the company.

To date Luxardo's internationally renown Maraschino has won more than 56 gold medals in liqueur contests around the world. In 2011 alone, seven of Luxardo's liqueurs were awarded twelve bronze, silver and gold medals in international competitions. The company also produces a variety of other classic Italian liqueurs, including Sambuca, Amaretto, Grappa, Limoncello, Sangue Morlacco and Passione Nera. Besides its famous liqueurs, a second line of Luxardo products now includes a gourmet division with liqueur concentrates, fruit syrups, Maraschino cherries and jams.

Luxardo products are currently exported to every continent and to more than 78 countries around the world. The main export countries of Luxardo products are the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan and continental Europe.

See also:
The History of Maraschino
The Luxardo Distillery: How the Croats Attempted to Usurp the Brand
Luxardo Maraschino vs. Croatian Maraska

Wednesday, September 13, 2017

Famous Italians From Dalmatia

Some notable Dalmatian Italians (from left to right): Elio Lampridio Cerva, Marino Ghetaldi,
Fausto Veranzio, Giorgio Baglivi, Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich & Niccolò Tommaseo

(Full biographies: Italian Biographies: Dalmatia)

Brief biographies of some famous Dalmatian Italians, an indigenous ethnic group from Dalmatia. The Dalmatian Italians have an illustrious history and have made notable contributions to culture, religion, military, politics, literature, arts, sciences and civilization, which should not be forgotten.

Dalmatia is a historical Italian region which is today divided between Croatia and Montenegro. The Dalmatian Italians, who have inhabited the region for more than 2000 years, declined in number after the 16th century due to war, pestilence and the migration of Slavic refugees, but continued to form a majority until the 17th century and continued to predominate in all the coastal cities until the 19th and 20th centuries. At the turn of the 19th century, one third of the Dalmatian population was Italian.

The Dalmatian Italians faced persecution and discrimination under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the decades before World War I, the Habsburg government and Pan-Slavists pursued a systematic policy of Slavicization and de-Italianization of Dalmatia, so that by the end of the war the Dalmatian Italians were reduced to a small minority in their own land. The Treaty of Versailles assigned most of Dalmatia to Yugoslavia, causing thousands of Dalmatian Italians to flee to Italy. The Treaty of Rome restored one third of Dalmatia to Italy, allowing the Dalmatian Italians to return home.

Towards the end of World War II the Dalmatian Italians were again targeted and subjected to ethnic cleansing by the Yugoslavs, who invaded Italian Dalmatia and annexed it to Communist Yugoslavia in 1947. About 350,000 Italians from Dalmatia, Istria and the surrounding region of Julian Venetia were forced into exile after the war. Their homes and property were confiscated and their cities were occupied by the Yugoslavs. The Dalmatian Italians and their exiled descendants patiently await the return of their homeland to Italy.

•  Paolo Andreis - Italian historian
•  Thomas the Archdeacon - Italian historian and priest
•  Arnolfo Bacotich - Italian historian and journalist
•  Giorgio Baglivi - Italian anatomist, medical scientist and physician
•  Antonio Bajamonti - Italian physician and politician
•  Giulio Bajamonti - Italian composer, physician, philosopher, polygraph and historian
•  Anselmo Banduri - Italian monk, scholar, archaeologist and numismatist
•  Federico Bencovich - Italian painter
•  Francesco Antonio Bertuccio - Italian diplomat, friar and knight
•  Gian Francesco Biondi - Italian writer, diplomat and historian
•  Girolamo Bisanti - Italian naval captain; commander in the Battle of Lepanto
•  Trifone Bisanti - Italian theologian, diplomat, scholar and bishop
•  Savino de Bobali - Italian poet
•  Giovanni Bona de Boliris - Italian poet and writer
•  Francesco Bolizza - Italian diplomat and courier
•  Mariano Bolizza - Italian diplomat, writer, poet and priest
•  Natale Bonifacio - Italian carver and engraver
•  Bonino de Boninis - Italian publisher, typographer and priest
•  Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich - Italian scientist, mathematician, priest and polymath
•  Domenico Bucchia - Italian theologian and priest
•  Vincenzo Bucchia - Italian theologian and bishop
•  Bernardo Caboga - Italian nobleman and military commander
•  Biagio Caboga - Italian diplomat and nobleman
•  Biagio Bernardo Caboga - Italian nobleman and military commander
•  Marino Caboga - Italian lawyer and priest
•  Francesco Carrara - Italian archaeologist and priest
•  Pietro Canavelli - Italian poet and translator
•  Marco de Casotti - Italian journalist and novelist
•  Elio Lampridio Cerva - Italian poet and lexicographer
•  Serafino Cerva - Italian scholar and priest
•  Alvise Cippico - Italian bishop and archbishop
•  Alvise Cippico (Luigi Cipoco) - Italian naval captain; commander in the Battle of Lepanto
•  Antonio Cippico - Italian politician, poet, patriot, journalist and lecturer
•  Coriolano Cippico - Italian historian, landowner and military commander
•  Trifone Cocoglia - Italian painter
•  Arturo Colautti - Italian journalist, writer and librettist
•  Benedetto Cotrugli - Italian merchant, economist and diplomat
•  Giovanni Creglianovich-Albinoni - Italian writer, librettist and playwright
•  Federico Crisogono - Italian physician and scientist
•  Raimondo Cunich - Italian latinist and priest
•  Giulio Camillo Delminio - Italian philosopher
•  Francesco Suppé Demelli - Italian composer
•  Vincenzo Drago - Italian historian
•  Francesco Salghetti-Drioli - Italian painter and entrepreneur
•  Alessandro Dudan - Italian historian and politician
•  Vincenzo Duplancich - Italian journalist, writer and politician
•  Roberto Ferruzzi - Italian painter
•  Riccardo Forster - Italian poet, journalist and theatre critic
•  Giovanni Francesco Fortunio - Italian grammarian, jurist and politician
•  Angelo Antonio Frari - Italian physician
•  Giuseppe Frari - Italian physician
•  Luigi Frari - Italian physician and politician
•  Michele Carlo Frari - Italian obstetrician and inventor
•  Marco Faustino Gagliuffi - Italian poet
•  Bernardino Gallelli - Italian ecclesiastic
•  Marino Ghetaldi - Italian scientist and mathematician
•  Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola - Italian politician
•  Roberto Ghiglianovich - Italian politician, lawyer and patriot
•  Ignazio Giorgi - Italian historian, poet, priest and abbot
•  Paladino Gondola - Italian diplomat and merchant
•  Nicolò Vito di Gozze - Italian philosopher and politician
•  Stefano Gradi - Italian scientist, philosopher, poet and priest
•  Gasparo Graziani - Italian polyglot and diplomat; Voivode of Moldavia
•  Pope John IV - Italian ecclesiastic; pope
•  Natale Krekich - Italian politician and patriot
•  Luigi Lapenna - Italian politician
•  Francesco Laurana - Italian architect, sculptor and medalist
•  Luciano Laurana - Italian architect
•  Francesco Leonardi - Italian bishop and missionary
•  Giovanni Eleuterio Lovrovich - Italian historian and priest
•  Antonio Lubin - Italian writer, teacher and priest
•  Giovanni Lucio - Italian historian
•  Lorenzo Doimi de Lupis - Italian physician and nobleman
•  Girolamo Luxardo - Italian entrepreneur and diplomat; founder of Luxardo liqueur
•  Francesco Malipiero - Italian abbot and archbishop
•  Girolamo Manfrin - Italian entrepreneur
•  Bernardino Marin - Italian bishop
•  Giorgio Martinuzzi - Italian statesman, cardinal, archbishop and monk; Regent of Hungary
•  Lino Maupas - Italian friar
•  Andrea Meldolla - Italian painter and etcher
•  Luigi Mion - Italian painter
•  Raffaele Molin - Italian scientist, physician, zoologist and geologist
•  Michele Monaldi - Italian mathematician, philosopher and poet
•  Pietro Doimo Munzani - Italian archbishop
•  Nino Nutrizio - Italian journalist and football coach
•  Giorgio Orsini da Sebenico - Italian architect, sculptor and urbanist
•  Giovanni Battista Benedetti Paladini - Italian naval captain; commander in the Battle of Lepanto
•  Nicolò Paladini - Italian naval captain
•  Paolo Paladini - Italian poet and naval captain
•  Pier Alessandro Paravia - Italian writer, philologist, philanthropist and professor
•  Ludovico Pasquali - Italian poet and soldier
•  Antonio Pini-Corsi - Italian operatic baritone
•  Giuseppe Praga - Italian historian and archivist
•  Domenico Ragnina - Italian poet
•  Giorgio Raguseo - Italian philosopher, philologist, mathematician, physician and priest
•  Oscar Randi - Italian historian
•  Francesco Rismondo - Italian soldier and patriot
•  Benedetto Rogacci - Italian theologian, grammarian, poet and priest
•  Romeo Romei - Italian naval officer, corvette captain and submarine commander
•  Martino Rota - Italian engraver, etcher, painter and cartographer
•  Giuseppe Sabalich - Italian historian, journalist and poet
•  Franco Sacchetti - Italian poet and novelist
•  Leonardo Salimbeni - Italian engineer and mathematician
•  Ercolano Salvi - Italian politician and patriot
•  Giorgio Schiavone - Italian painter
•  Federico Seismit-Doda - Italian politician, patriot and journalist
•  Giovanni Soglian - Italian teacher and linguist
•  Luca Sorgo - Italian composer
•  Benedetto Stay - Italian poet and priest
•  Giovanni Domenico Stratico - Italian bishop and theologian
•  Michele Stratico - Italian composer and violinist
•  Simone Stratico - Italian mathematician, physicist and nautical scientist
•  Antonio Tacconi - Italian politician
•  Ildebrando Tacconi - Italian historian, lecturer and scholar
•  Niccolò Tommaseo - Italian linguist, writer and patriot
•  Ruggero Tommaseo - Italian journalist, writer and patriot
•  Biagio di Giorgio da Traù - Italian painter
•  Nicolò Trigari - Italian politician
•  Ludovico Cerva Tuberone - Italian historian
•  Antonio Varisco - Italian carabiniere officer
•  Giorgio Ventura - Italian painter
•  Antonio Veranzio - Italian cardinal, archbishop and diplomat
•  Fausto Veranzio - Italian philosopher, historian, bishop, inventor, lexicographer and polymath
•  Roberto de Visiani - Italian botanist, naturalist, physician and scholar
•  Bernardo Zamagna - Italian poet, translator, theologian and priest
•  Luigi Ziliotto - Italian politician, lawyer and patriot
•  Bernardo Zuzzeri - Italian missionary and priest
•  Flora Zuzzeri - Italian poetess
•  Giovanni Luca Zuzzeri - Italian numismatist, archaeologist and priest


See also:
Famous Italians From Istria
Famous Italians From Fiume and the Quarnaro
Famous Italians From Eastern Friuli

Wednesday, July 12, 2017

Famous Italians From Istria

Some notable Istrian Italians (from left to right): Vittorio Carpaccio, Santorio Santorio,
Francesco Trevisani, Giuseppe Tartini, Giovanni Battista Piranesi & Nazario Sauro

(Full biographies: Italian Biographies: Istria)

Brief biographies of some famous Istrian Italians, an indigenous ethnic group from Istria. The Istrian Italians have an illustrious history and have made notable contributions to culture, religion, military, politics, literature, arts, sciences and civilization, which should not be forgotten.

Istria is a historical region of Italy, but is today divided between Italy, Croatia and Slovenia. Towards the end of World War II the Istrian Italians were subjected to ethnic cleansing and genocide by the Yugoslavs, who occupied the land and annexed it to Communist Yugoslavia in 1947. About 350,000 Italians from Dalmatia, Istria and the surrounding region of Julian Venetia were forced into exile after the war. Their homes and property were confiscated and their cities were occupied by the Yugoslavs. The Istrian Italians and their exiled descendants patiently await the return of their homeland to Italy.

•  Silvano Abba - Italian pentathlete and soldier
•  Andrea Amoroso - Italian patriot; founder of the Istrian Society of Archeology and History
•  Andrea Antico da Montona - Italian music printer, editor, publisher, composer and priest
•  Gianni Bartoli - Italian engineer and politician
•  Matteo Giulio Bartoli - Italian linguist and philologist
•  Felice Bennati - Italian politician and patriot
•  Bernardo Benussi - Italian medieval historian
•  Bartolomeo Biasoletto - Italian pharmacist, botanist and phycologist
•  Francesco Bonifacio - Italian priest; killed in the Foibe Massacres
•  Egidio Bullesi - Italian sailor and shipyard worker
•  Gian Rinaldo Carli - Italian writer, economist, historian, politician and patriot
•  Stefano Carli - Italian writer, poet and dramatist
•  Benedetto Carpaccio - Italian painter
•  Vittore Carpaccio - Italian painter
•  Diego de Castro - Italian historian, teacher and statistician
•  Giorgio Alberto Chiurco - Italian doctor, historian and politician
•  Bartolomeo delle Cisterne - Italian architect and hydraulic engineer
•  Carlo Combi - Italian teacher and patriot
•  Norma Cossetto - Italian student; killed in the Foibe Massacres
•  Luciano Delbianco - Italian politician, economist and electrical engineer
•  Cesare Dell'Acqua - Italian painter
•  Iolanda Dobrilla - Italian refugee and teenager; killed by Communist Partisans
•  Aldo Fabbro - Italian footballer; died in the Allied Bombing of Pola
•  Fabio Filzi - Italian soldier and patriot
•  Carlo De Franceschi - Italian historian, writer, politician and patriot
•  Girolamo de Franciscis - Italian bishop
•  Fides Histriae Gambini - Italian exile; last descendant of the Gambini family of Capodistria
•  Pier Antonio Quarantotti Gambini - Italian author, journalist, librarian and exile
•  Pio Riego Gambini - Italian soldier, journalist, patriot and Mazzinian
•  Girolamo Gravisi - Italian archaeologist, scholar and philologist
•  Lucrezio Gravisi - Italian soldier; killed by the Turks in Dalmatia
•  Nicolò Gravisi - Italian Marchese and captain of the guard
•  Pietro Gravisi - Italian Marchese and commander; fought in the Battle of Lepanto
•  Giovanni Grion - Italian soldier and patriot
•  Carlotta Grisi - Italian ballerina
•  Annibale Grisonio - Italian priest, inquisitor and canon lawyer
•  Antonio Grossich - Italian physician and politician
•  Antonio Ive - Italian linguist and ethnologist
•  Domenico Lovisato - Italian geologist, academic and patriot
•  Tomaso Luciani - Italian politician and patriot
•  Antonio Madonizza - Italian lawyer, journalist and politician
•  Giovanni Manzini - Italian lawyer and poet
•  Bernardo Parentino - Italian painter
•  Bonifacio di Parenzo - Italian bishop
•  Giuseppe Picciola - Italian writer, teacher and patriot
•  Francesco Piranesi - Italian engraver, etcher, architect and politician
•  Laura Piranesi - Italian engraver and etcher
•  Giovanni Battista Piranesi - Italian etcher, sculptor and architectural theorist
•  Pietro Piranesi - Italian politician
•  Luigi Pirano - Italian Franciscan and ecclesiastic
•  Gennaro di Pola - Italian patriarch
•  Pietro Polani - Italian crusader; Doge of Venice
•  Giovanni Quarantotto - Italian poet, historian and patriot
•  Donato Ragosa - Italian pharmacist and patriot
•  Antonio Santin - Italian bishop
•  Santorio Santorio - Italian physiologist, physician, professor and inventor
•  Nazario Sauro - Italian sailor and patriot
•  Cecilia Seghizzi - Italian composer, painter and teacher
•  Augusto Cesare Seghizzi - Italian composer and choral conductor
•  Bonifacio Sergi - Italian nobleman; founder of the House of Pola-Castropola
•  Ernesto Sestan - Italian historian
•  Antonio Smareglia - Italian composer
•  Francesco Spongia - Italian composer, organist and priest
•  Domenico del Tacco - Italian naval captain; commander in the Battle of Lepanto
•  Antonio Tarsia - Italian baroque composer
•  Giuseppe Tartini - Italian baroque composer and violinist
•  Pietro Tradonico - Italian noble; Doge of Venice
•  Angelo Trevisani - Italian painter and copperplate engraver
•  Francesco Trevisani - Italian painter
•  Umberto Urbani - Italian writer, translator, teacher and patriot
•  Andrea da Valle - Italian architect
•  Silvio Vardabasso - Italian geologist
•  Pier Paolo Vergerio il Vecchio - Italian pedagogist, statesman and canon lawyer
•  Licio Visintini - Italian naval lieutenant
•  Mario Visintini - Italian pilot and fighter ace
•  Biagio Zulian - Italian captain and war hero; killed by the Turks in Candia
•  Vittorio Italico Zupelli - Italian general and politician


See also:
Famous Italians From Dalmatia
Famous Italians From Fiume and the Quarnaro
Famous Italians From Eastern Friuli

Friday, July 7, 2017

Famous Italians From Fiume and the Quarnaro

Some notable Fiuman and Quarnerine Italians (from left to right): Francesco Patrizi,
Giovanni Biagio Luppis, Giovanni de Ciotta, Maria Crocifissa Cosulich,
Giorgio Alessandro Conighi & Agostino Straulino

(Full biographies: Italian Biographies: The Quarnaro)

Brief biographies of some famous Italians from the Quarnaro, also known as the Quarnero or Carnaro. The Italians, the indigenous population of the region, have an illustrious history and have made notable contributions to culture, religion, military, politics, literature, arts, sciences and civilization, which should not be forgotten.

The Quarnaro is a historical Italian region and gulf in the northern Adriatic Sea, located between Istria and Dalmatia. It is composed of several small islands and the mainland city of Fiume. The main islands are Cherso, Lussino, Veglia and Arbe. The latter two islands technically belong to a strait known as the Quarnerolo (“Little Quarnaro”), but they are generally considered part of the larger Quarnaro geographical region with the city of Fiume at the head.

Today the region is entirely occupied by Croatia. Towards the end of World War II the Italians of the Quarnaro were subjected to ethnic cleansing and genocide by the Yugoslavs, who occupied the lands and annexed them to Communist Yugoslavia in 1947. About 350,000 Italians from Istria, Dalmatia, the Quarnaro and the surrounding region of Julian Venetia were forced into exile after the war. Their homes and cities were confiscated and occupied by the Yugoslavs. The Italians of the Quarnaro and their exiled descendants patiently await the return of their homeland to Italy.

•  Antonio Adrario - Italian poet
•  Nicolò Udina Algarotti - Italian philologist, musicologist and priest
•  Icilio Bacci - Italian politician
•  Ipparco Baccich - Italian soldier and patriot
•  Mario Blasich - Italian physician and politician
•  Lodovico Cicuta - Italian naval captain; died in the Battle of Lepanto
•  Giovanni de Ciotta - Italian politician, engineer, philanthropist and soldier
•  Giacoma Giorgia Colombis - Italian nun and abbess
•  Carlo Colussi - Italian journalist and politician
•  Carlo Alessandro Conighi - Italian engineer and politician
•  Carlo Leopoldo Conighi - Italian architect and engineer
•  Giorgio Alessandro Conighi - Italian engineer and fireman
•  Maria Crocifissa Cosulich - Italian nun, teacher, polyglot and religious foundress
•  Gasparo Craglietto - Italian sea captain and art collector
•  Giovanni de Dominis - Italian naval captain; fought in the Battle of Lepanto
•  Colane Drascio - Italian naval captain; fought in the Battle of Lepanto
•  Oretta Fiume - Italian actress
•  Enrico Fonda - Italian painter
•  Riccardo Gigante - Italian journalist, entrepreneur and politician
•  Giovanni Biagio Luppis - Italian inventor and naval officer; invented the torpedo
•  Arturo de Maineri - Italian politician, mathematician and soldier
•  Giovanni Moise - Italian linguist, grammarian, writer, priest and abbot
•  Alfonso Maria Orlini - Italian priest
•  Francesco Patrizi - Italian philosopher and writer
•  Stefano Petris - Italian professor, soldier and patriot
•  Raffaele Mario Radossi - Italian priest and bishop
•  Nicolò Rode - Italian sailor and Olympic champion
•  Francesco Salata - Italian politician, historian and patriot
•  Giovanni Simonetti - Italian painter
•  Gino Sirola - Italian lawyer, professor and politician
•  Nevio Skull - Italian entrepreneur and politician
•  Agostino Straulino - Italian sailor, admiral and Olympic champion
•  Duilio Susmel - Italian journalist and historian
•  Edoardo Susmel - Italian teacher, historian and politician
•  Nivio Toich - Italian pharmacist, biochemist and political activist
•  Antonio Udina - Italian barber and sacristan; last speaker of the Dalmatian language
•  Giovanni Host-Venturi - Italian historian, politician and patriot
•  Riccardo Zanella - Italian politician


See also:
Famous Italians From Dalmatia
Famous Italians From Istria
Famous Italians From Eastern Friuli